University of Wisconsin–Madison

Our Papers & Publications by Topics

Speech Supplementation Strategies

Sakash, A., Mahr, T. J., Natzke, P. E., & Hustad, K. C. (2020). Effects of Rate Manipulation on Intelligibility in Children with Cerebral Palsy. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 29, 127-141

Hustad, K. C., & Lee, J. (2008). Changes in speech production associated with alphabet supplementation. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 51(6), 1438-1450

Hustad, K.C. (2006) Influence of alphabet cues on listeners’ ability to identify sound segments in sentences produced by speakers with moderate and severe dysarthria. Journal of Medical Speech Language Pathology. 14, 249-252

Hustad, K. C. (2005). Effects of speech supplementation strategies on intelligibility and listener attitudes for a speaker with mild dysarthria. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 21(4), 256-263

Hustad, K. C., & Garcia, J. M. (2005). Aided and unaided speech supplementation strategies: Effect of alphabet cues and iconic hand gestures on dysarthric speech. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 48, 996-1012

Garcia, J.M., Crowe, L., Redler, D., & Hustad, K.C. (2004). Effects of spontaneous gestures on comprehension and intelligibility of dysarthric speech: A case Report. Journal of Medical Speech Language Pathology, 12, 145-148

Hustad, K. C., Jones, T., & Dailey, S. (2003). Implementing speech supplementation strategies: effects on intelligibility and speech rate of individuals with chronic severe dysarthria. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 46(2), 462-474

Hustad, K. C., Auker, J., Natale, N., & Carlson, R. (2003). Improving intelligibility of speakers with profound dysarthria and cerebral palsy. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 19, 187-198

Hustad, K.C., & Sassano, K. (2002). Effects of rate reduction on severe spastic dysarthria in cerebral palsy. Journal of Medical Speech Language Pathology, 10, 287-292

Hustad, K.C., & Garcia, J.M. (2002). The influences of alphabet supplementation, iconic gestures, & predictive messages on intelligibility of a speaker with cerebral palsy. Journal of Medical Speech Language Pathology, 10, 279-285

Hustad, K. C., & Beukelman, D. R. (2002). Listener comprehension of severely dysarthric speech: Effects of linguistic cues and stimulus cohesion. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 45, 545-558

Hustad, K. C., & Beukelman, D. R. (2001). Effects of linguistic cues and stimulus cohesion on intelligibility of severely dysarthric speech. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 44, 497-510

Hustad, K. C. (2001). Unfamiliar listeners’ evaluation of speech supplementation strategies for improving the effectiveness of severely dysarthric speech. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 17, 213-220

Linguistic Variables & Speech Intelligibility

Mahr, T., & Hustad, K.C. (2023). Lexical predictors of intelligibility in young children’s speech. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 66(8S): 3013-3025

Allison, K. M., & Hustad, K. C. (2014). Impact of sentence length and phonetic complexity on intelligibility of 5-year-old children with cerebral palsy. International Journal of Speech Language Pathology, 16(4), 396-407

Hustad, K. C. (2008). The relationship between listener comprehension and intelligibility scores for speakers with dysarthria. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 51, 562-573

Hustad, K. C., Dardis, C. M., & McCourt, K. A. (2007). Effects of visual information on intelligibility of open and closed class words in predictable sentences produced by speakers with dysarthria. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 21(5), 353-367

Hustad, K. C. (2007). Contribution of two sources of listener knowledge to intelligibility of speakers with cerebral palsy. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 50, 1228-1240

Hustad, K. C. (2006). A closer look at transcription intelligibility for speakers with dysarthria: Evaluation of scoring paradigms and linguistic errors made by listeners. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 15, 268-277

Typical Speech Development

Mahr, T. J., Rathouz, P. J., & Hustad, K. C. (2025). Speech development between 30 and 119 months in typical children III: Interaction between speaking rate and intelligibility. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 68(1), 79-90

Soriano, J.U., Mahr, T.J., Rathouz, P.J., Hustad, K.C. (2025). Characterizing the relationship between the Intelligibility in Context Scale and transcription intelligibility in typically developing children between ages 2;6 and 9;11. American Journal of Speech Language Pathology, 34(5), 2877-2892

Soriano, J.U., Mahr, T.J., Rathouz, P.J., Hustad, K.C. (2023). Intelligibility in context scale: Growth curves for typically developing English-speaking children between 2;6 and 9;11 years of age. American Journal of Speech Language Pathology, 32(5): 2021-2039

Mahr, T. J., Soriano, J. U., Rathouz, P. J., & Hustad, K. C. (2021). Speech development between 30 and 119 months in typical children II: Articulation rate growth curves. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 64(11), 4057-4070

Hustad, K. C., Mahr, T. J., Natzke, P., & Rathouz, P. J. (2021). Speech development between 30 and 119 months in typical children I: Intelligibility growth curves for single-word and multiword productions. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 64(10), 3707-3719

Hustad, K. C., Mahr, T., Natzke, P. E., & Rathouz, P. J. (2020). Development of Speech Intelligibility Between 30 and 47 Months in Typically Developing Children: A Cross-Sectional Study of Growth. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 63(6), 1675-1687

Speech & Language Classification in Cerebral Palsy

Hustad, K. C., Mahr, T. J., Soriano, J. U., & Rathouz, P. J. (2023). Developmental Cut-Points for Atypical Speech Intelligibility in Children with Cerebral Palsy. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 66(8S): 3089-3099

Soriano, J. U., & Hustad, K. C. (2021). Speech-language profile groups in school aged children with cerebral palsy: Nonverbal cognition, receptive language, speech intelligibility, and motor function. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 24(2), 118-129

Hustad, K. C., Sakash, A., Broman, A. T., & Rathouz, P. J. (2019). Differentiating typical from atypical speech production in 5-year-old children with cerebral palsy: A comparative analysis. American Journal of Speech Language Pathology, 28(2S), 807-817

Allison, K. M., & Hustad, K. C. (2018). Data-driven classification of dysarthria profiles in children with cerebral palsy. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 61(12), 2837-2853

Hustad, K. C., Oakes, A., McFadd, E., & Allison, K. M. (2016). Alignment of classification paradigms for communication abilities in children with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 58(6), 597-604

Hustad, K. C., Oakes, A., & Allison, K. (2015). Variability and Diagnostic Accuracy of Speech Intelligibility Scores in Children. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 58(6), 1695-1707

Hustad, K. C., Allison, K., McFadd, E., & Riehle, K. (2014). Speech and language development in 2-year-old children with cerebral palsy. Developmental neurorehabilitation, 17(3), 167-175

Hustad, K. C., Schueler, B., Schultz, L., & DuHadway, C. (2012). Intelligibility of 4-year-old children with and without cerebral palsy. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 55(4), 1177-1189

Hustad, K. C., Gorton, K., & Lee, J. (2010). Classification of speech and language profiles in 4-year-old children with cerebral palsy: A prospective preliminary study. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 53, 1496-1513

Longitudinal Growth of Speech in Cerebral Palsy

Elmquist, M., & Hustad, K.C. (2025). How Well Do Communication Profiles at Two-Years Predict Outcomes at Nine to Ten Years in Children with Cerebral Palsy? Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in the Schools, 56(3), 789-806

Long, H. L., Mahr, T. J., Natzke, P., Rathouz, P. J., & Hustad, K. C. (2022). Longitudinal change in speech classification between 4 and 10 years in children with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 64(9), 1096-1105

Hustad, K. C., Mahr, T. J., Broman, A. T., & Rathouz, P. J. (2020). Longitudinal Growth in Single-Word Intelligibility Among Children with Cerebral Palsy From 24 to 96 Months of Age. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 63(1), 32-48

Natzke, P., Sakash, A., Mahr, T., & Hustad, K. C. (2020). Measuring speech production development in children with cerebral palsy between 6 and 8 years of age. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 51(3), 882-896

Mahr, T. J., Rathouz, P. J., & Hustad, K. C. (2020). Longitudinal Growth in Intelligibility of Connected Speech From 2 to 8 Years in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Novel Bayesian Approach. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 63(9), 2880-2893

Hustad, K. C., Sakash, A., Natzke, P. E., Broman, A. T., & Rathouz, P. J. (2019). Longitudinal growth in single word intelligibility among children with cerebral palsy from 24 to 96 months of age. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 62(6), 1599-1613

Braza, M. D., Sakash, A., Natzke, P., & Hustad, K. C. (2019). Longitudinal Change in Speech Rate and Intelligibility Between 5 and 7 Years in Children with Cerebral Palsy. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 28(3), 1139-1151

Darling-White, M., Sakash, A., & Hustad, K. C. (2018). Characteristics of speech rate in children with cerebral palsy: A longitudinal study. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 61(10), 2502-2515

Hustad, K. C., Allison, K. M., Sakash, A., McFadd, E., Broman, A. T., & Rathouz, P. J. (2017). Longitudinal development of communication in children with cerebral palsy between 24 and 53 months. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 20(6), 323-330

Lee, J., & Hustad, K. C. (2013). A preliminary investigation of longitudinal changes in speech production over 18 months in young children with cerebral palsy. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 65, 32-39

Infant & Early Vocalization in Cerebral Palsy

Long, H.L., Jensen, S., & Hustad, K.C. (2025). A pilot investigation on the relationship between infant vocal characteristics at 12 months and speech motor impairment at 4-5 years. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 68(7S), 3646-3658

Long, H. L., & Hustad, K. C. (2024). Vocal Characteristics of Children With Cerebral Palsy and Anarthria. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 67(11), 4264-4274

Long, H. L., & Hustad, K. C. (2023). Marginal and canonical babbling in 10 infants at risk for cerebral palsy. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 32(4S), 1835-1849

Long, H. L., Christensen, L., Hayes, S., & Hustad, K. C. (2023). Vocal Characteristics of Infants at Risk for Speech Motor Involvement: A Scoping Review. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 66(11), 4432-4460

Feeding Development

Arkenberg, R.H., et al. (2026). How do infants eat at home? A preliminary study of solid feeding skills in the naturalistic environment. American Journal of Speech Language Pathology

Delaney, A.L., et al. (2025). A Scoping Review of Oral Feeding Skill Development in Typically Developing Children I. American Journal of Speech Language Pathology, 34(5), 2997-3016

Delaney, A.L., et al. (2025). A Scoping Review of Oral Feeding Skill Development in Typically Developing Children II. American Journal of Speech Language Pathology, 34(6), 3513-3530

Clancy, K. J., & Hustad, K. C. (2011). Longitudinal changes in feeding among children with cerebral palsy between the ages of 4 and 7 years. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 14(4), 191-198

Wilson, E., & Hustad, K.C. (2009). Early feeding abilities in children with cerebral palsy: A parent report study. Journal of Medical Speech Language Pathology, 17, 31-44

AAC for Children with CP in Schools

Koopmans, C., et al. (2022). Functional communication abilities in youth with cerebral palsy. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 53(1), 88-103

Smith, A. L., & Hustad, K. C. (2015). AAC and Early Intervention for Children with Cerebral Palsy. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 31(4), 336-350

Hustad, K. C., & Miles, L. K. (2010). Alignment between AAC Needs and School-Based Speech-Language Services for Young Children with Cerebral Palsy. 3, 129-140

Hustad, K. C., et al. (2008). Augmentative and alternative communication for preschool children. Seminars in Speech and Language, 29, 83-91

Language & Communication Development in CP

McFadd, E. D., & Hustad, K. C. (2020). Communication Modes and Functions in Children with Cerebral Palsy. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 63(6), 1776-1792

Molinaro, M., et al. (2020). Longitudinal Development of Receptive Vocabulary in Children with Cerebral Palsy and Anarthria. Developmental neurorehabilitation, 23(5), 285-293

Sakash, A., et al. (2018). Executive function in school-aged children with cerebral palsy. Research in developmental disabilities, 78, 136-144

Hustad, K. C., et al. (2018). Longitudinal growth of receptive language in children with cerebral palsy between 18 months and 54 months. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 60(11), 1156-1164

McFadd, E., & Hustad, K. C. (2013). Assessment of social function in four-year-old children with cerebral palsy. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 16(2), 102-112

Acoustic Characterization of Speech in CP

Allison, K. M., & Hustad, K. C. (2018). Acoustic predictors of pediatric dysarthria in cerebral palsy. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 61(3), 462-478

Chen, L. M., Hustad, K. C., Kent, R. D., & Lin, Y. C. (2018). Dysarthria in Mandarin-speaking children with cerebral palsy. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 61(3), 525-548

Allison, K. M., et al. (2017). Range and Precision of Formant Movement in Pediatric Dysarthria. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 60(7), 1864-1876

Lee, J., Hustad, K. C., & Weismer, G. (2014). Predicting speech intelligibility with a multiple speech subsystems approach in children with cerebral palsy. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 57(5), 1666-1678

DuHadway, C. M., & Hustad, K. C. (2012). Contributors to Intelligibility in Preschool-Aged Children with Cerebral Palsy. Journal of Medical Speech-Language Pathology, 20(4)

Patel, R., Hustad, K. C., et al. (2012). Relationship Between Prosody and Intelligibility in Children with Dysarthria. Journal of Medical Speech-Language Pathology, 20(4)

Rating Scales & Perceptual Assessment of Speech

Sakash, A., Mahr, T. J., & Hustad, K. C. (2023). Perceptual measurement of articulatory goodness in young children. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 37(12), 1141-1156

Soriano, J. U., et al. (2021). Utility of the Intelligibility in Context Scale for Predicting Speech Intelligibility of Children with Cerebral Palsy. Brain Sciences, 11(11), 1540

Sakash, A., Mahr, T., & Hustad, K. C. (2021). Validity of Parent Ratings of Speech Intelligibility for Children with Cerebral Palsy. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 24(2), 98-106

Pennington, L., & Hustad, K. C. (2019). Construct Validity of the Viking Speech Scale. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 71, 228-237

Allison, K. M., et al. (2021). Reliability of perceptual judgments of phonetic accuracy and hypernasality. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 30(3S), 1558-1571

Hustad, K. C. (2006). Estimating the intelligibility of speakers with dysarthria. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 58, 217-228

Listener-Focused Variables Related to Intelligibility

Salvo, H., et al. (2026). Does the use of crowdsourced listeners yield different speech intelligibility results than in-person listeners? Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research

Soriano, J.U., et al. (2025). A pilot study of listening fatigue: Impacts of pediatric dysarthria on adult listeners. American Journal of Speech Language Pathology, 34(4 Suppl), 2409-2424

Borrie, S.A., et al. (2023). Perceptual learning of dysarthria in adolescence. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 66(10): 3791-3803

Hustad, K. C., et al. (2011). Use of listening strategies for the speech of individuals with dysarthria and cerebral palsy. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 27(1), 5-15

Hustad, K. C. (2007). Effects of speech stimuli and dysarthria severity on intelligibility scores. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopedica, 59(6), 306-317

Drager, K. D. R., Hustad, K. C., & Gable, K. (2004). Telephone communication: Synthetic and dysarthric speech intelligibility. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 20(2), 103-112

Hustad, K. C., & Gearhart, K. J. (2004). Listener attitudes toward individuals with cerebral palsy who use speech supplementation strategies. American Journal of Speech Language Pathology, 13(2), 168-181

Hustad, K. C., & Cahill, M. A. (2003). Effects of presentation mode and repeated familiarization on intelligibility of dysarthric speech. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 12, 198-208

Hustad, K. C., Kent, R. D., & Beukelman, D. R. (1998). Dectalk and Macintalk speech synthesizers: Intelligibility differences for three listener groups. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 41, 744-752

Speech Technology

Kadambi, P., et al. (2025). A Tunable Forced Alignment System Based on Deep Learning: Applications to Child Speech. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 68(7S), 3583-3601

Kadambi, P., et al. (2024). How does alignment error affect automated pronunciation scoring in children’s speech? Interspeech 2024: 5133-5137

Mathad, V. C., et al. (2021). The Impact of Forced-Alignment Errors on Automatic Pronunciation Evaluation. INTERSPEECH 2021, 1922

Mahr, T. J., et al. (2021). Performance of forced-alignment algorithms on children’s speech. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 64(6S), 2213-2222

Other Papers

Namasivayam, A.K., et al. (2025). Reevaluating the Classification of Pediatric Speech Sound Disorders. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience

Hustad, K. C. (2016). Reflections on the Functional Communication Classification System for children with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 58(10), 996

Hustad, K. C. (2012). Speech Intelligibility in Children with Speech Disorders. Perspectives on Language Learning and Education, 19, 7-11

Hustad, K. C., Beukelman, D. R., & Yorkston, K. M. (1998). Functional outcome assessment in dysarthria. Seminars in Speech and Language, 19(3), 291-302

Book Chapters

Yorkston, K.M., Beukelman, D.R., & Hustad, K.C. (1999). Optimizing communication effectiveness. In Clinical Management of Speakers with Motor Speech Disorders. (2nd ed.). Austin, TX: Pro Ed, pgs. 483-542

Hustad, K.C. & Beukelman, D.R. (2000). Integrating AAC and residual natural speech. In Augmentative Communication for Adults with Acquired Neurologic Disabilities. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes, pgs. 83-106

Hustad, K.C., Morehouse, T.B., & Gutmann, M. (2002). AAC strategies for enhancing the usefulness of natural speech in children with severe intelligibility challenges. In Exemplary Strategies for Beginning Communicators. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes, pgs. 433-452

Hustad, K.C., & Shapley, K.L. (2003). AAC and the development of natural speech. In Augmentative and Alternative Communication for Individuals with Developmental Disabilities. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes, pgs. 41-62

Hustad K.C. & Weismer, G. (2007). A continuum of interventions for individuals with dysarthria. In Motor Speech Disorders. San Diego: Plural Publishing, pgs. 261-303

Kent, R.D. & Hustad, K.C. (2009). Speech development. In Encyclopedia of Neuroscience. Academic Press: Oxford

Hustad, K.C. (2010). Childhood dysarthria: Cerebral Palsy. In Management of Speakers with Motor Speech Disorders. (3rd ed.). Austin, TX: Pro Ed, pgs. 359-384

Kent, R.D., Pagan, L., Hustad, K.C., & Wertzner, H.F. (2010). Children’s speech sound disorders: An acoustic perspective. In Child Speech Sound Disorders. San Diego: Plural Publishing, pgs. 93-114

Hustad, K.C. (2020). Augmentative and alternative communication for patients with neurologic and neurodegenerative diseases. In Neurologic and Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Larynx. New York: Springer

Hustad, K. C., & Borrie, S. A. (2021). Intelligibility Impairment. The Handbook of Language and Speech Disorders, 81-94